To get our discussion started, let's define a web service. One of the more formal definitions that I've seen is "loosely coupled, reusable software components that semantically encapsulate descrete functionality and are distributed and programmatically accessible over standard Internet protocols". If you break apart each of the terms in this complicated rambling, you'll find the kernal of what most people expect a web service to be. That is a set of functions that can be accessed remotely using TCP/IP as the transportation medium. This broad definition covers almost all of the instances for which web services are suited, allowing us to explore the most common deployment options.
Ignoring the technical for a few seconds, let's consider the problem that web services are intended to address. That would be the need to access functionality provided by a remote server through the Internet. One of the most common examples is a stock quote function. If you're developing a corporate site, you don't want to focus on the details of retrieving quote information about your company. It's not worth it to dig into stock market streaming for such non-critical information. So instead you search the Internet until you find a company that specializes in providing stock market information. Fortunately for you they have implemented a technique that allows you to retrieve the needed data by making a call to their web site, leaving the formatting of the result up to you. And you have just experienced the power of a web service.
But the utility of a web service does not require that a third party be brought into the equation at all. Many companies are starting to deploy pieces of functionality as a web service within their own walls. This allows companies to experiment with web services without becoming dependent on an outside service. Not to mention avoiding connectivity, speed and security issues.
All web services start with a request being created. The source can be a browser or an application. Regardless, the request is formatted into an XML document and transmitted across the Internet to the web server. The server has a process that listens on a given port (usually, port 80, the HTTP port). When a request arrives, the XML document is parsed to determine what components needs to be instantiated and what methods are called. Finally, the result is bundled back up into an XML document and sent back to the calling application.
Now we have glossed over many of the issues that make developing web services
challenging. This includes user authentication, transactions (grouping multiple
SOAP requests into a single unit) and security. We will be dealing with these
areas later in our series.
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